Some terms in Physics in a nutshell

1. Momentum - The quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass and velocity. 2. Kinetic Energy - The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion. 3. Force - An influence that produces or tends to produce a change in the motion, position, or shape of a body. 4. Angular Momentum - A vector quantity which describes the rotational motion of an object. 5. Torque - A measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis. 6. Electromagnetism - A branch of physics that studies the interactions between electric charges and magnetic fields. 7. Wave-Particle Duality - The concept that all matter exhibits both wavelike and particlelike properties. 8. Quantum Mechanics - A branch of physics that describes the behavior of matter and energy on the atomic and subatomic level. 9. Special Relativity - A theory that describes how space and time are affected by the speed of light. 10. General Relativity - A theory of gravitation that describes how space, time, and gravity are related.

11.Uncertainty Principle - A principle of quantum mechanics stating that the position and momentum of a particle cannot both be precisely measured at the same time. 12. Conservation of Energy - The law of physics that states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can only be changed from one form to another. 13. Coulomb’s Law - A law that describes the electrostatic force between two charged particles. 14. Doppler Effect - The phenomenon in which the frequency of a wave is changed due to the relative motion of the source and observer. 15. Gravitational Force - The force which attracts two masses towards each other due to their gravitational pull. 16. Theory of Relativity - A theory which states that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference. 17. Electron - A subatomic particle with a negative electrical charge. 18. Photon - A particle of light, carrying energy and momentum. 19. Mass - The measure of the amount of matter in a body. 20. Temperature - The measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a system. 21. Kinetic Theory - A theory of matter which states that all matter is composed of small, moving particles. 22. Nuclear Fission - The process of a nucleus splitting into two or more smaller nuclei. 23. Nuclear Fusion - The process of two or more nuclei combining to form a heavier nucleus. 24. Radioactivity - The process of an atom emitting radiation due to an unstable nucleus. 25. Black Body Radiation - The energy emitted by an idealized perfect absorber and emitter of radiation. 26. Entropy - A measure of the disorder of a system. 27. Work - The transfer of energy from one form to another. 28. Heat - The energy that is transferred between two systems due to a temperature difference. 29. Pressure - The force per unit area that is exerted on a surface by a fluid. 30. Magnetism - The phenomenon of a magnetic field arising from the motion of electric charges.

31. Atomic Structure - The arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom. 32. Electromagnetic Radiation - Energy that is propagated in the form of waves, including visible light, X-rays and radio waves. 33. Nuclear Reactor - A device that generates energy by harnessing the energy released from nuclear reactions. 34. Nuclear Power - Power generated from the use of nuclear energy. 35. Wave Equation - A mathematical equation that describes the behavior of a wave. 36. Wave Function - A mathematical equation used to describe the properties of a particle. 37. Quantum Tunneling - The phenomenon of a particle passing through a potential barrier. 38. Superconductivity - The phenomenon whereby certain materials have no electrical resistance at low temperatures. 39. Superfluidity - The phenomenon of certain fluids having zero viscosity and no resistance to flow. 40. Chaos Theory - A theory that attempts to explain the behavior of certain complex systems. 41. Big Bang Theory - A theory that states that the universe began with a huge explosion. 42. Expansion of the Universe - The phenomenon of the universe getting larger over time. 43. Cosmic Microwave Background - The radiation that is left over from the Big Bang. 44. Dark Matter - A form of matter that is invisible to us but makes up most of the mass in the universe. 45. Dark Energy - A mysterious force that is causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate. 46. String Theory - A theory of physics that attempts to explain all of the forces of nature in terms of one unified theory. 47. Quarks - A type of subatomic particle that is believed to make up protons and neutrons. 48. Neutrino - An elementary particle with no electric charge and a very small mass. 49. Higgs Boson - A particle that is believed to give mass to other particles. 50. Inertia - The property of a body that resists any change in its state of motion.

51. Acceleration - The rate of change of the velocity of a body. 52. Impulse - The product of a force and the time over which it acts. 53. Friction - The force that resists the relative motion of two surfaces in contact. 54. Angular Velocity - The rate of change of angular displacement. 55. Angular Acceleration - The rate of change of angular velocity. 56. Centripetal Force - The force that acts on a body moving in a circular path. 57. Inertial Frame of Reference - A coordinate system in which Newton’s laws of motion hold true. 58. Gravitational Field - The space around a massive body in which its gravitational force is felt. 59. Spacetime - A four-dimensional concept which combines space and time into one continuum. 60. Geostationary Orbit - An orbit in which a satellite orbits the Earth at the same rate that the Earth rotates. 61. Escape Velocity - The minimum velocity at which an object can escape the gravitational field of another object. 62. Time Dilation - The phenomenon of time passing 63. Torsion Balance - An instrument for measuring the weight of an object by balancing it against a known force. 64. Cavendish Experiment - An experiment that showed that an object's mass can cause a gravitational force. 65. Lorentz Transformation - A mathematical transformation used to describe the effects of special relativity. 66. Amplitude - The maximum displacement from the equilibrium position of a wave. 67. Frequency - The number of waves that pass a given point in a given time. 68. Reflection - The bouncing off of a wave from an obstruction. 69. Refraction - The bending of a wave when passing from one medium to another. 70. Diffraction - The bending of a wave around an obstacle. 71. Interference - The combination of two or more waves that results in a new wave. 72. Polarization - The orientation of the vibrations of a wave in a particular direction. 73. Potential Energy - The energy possessed by a body due to its position. 74. Capacitance - The ability of a system to store electrical charge.

75. Electric Field - The region around an electrically charged particle in which electric force can be felt. 76. Magnetic Field - The region around a magnet in which its magnetic force can be felt. 77. Faraday's Law of Induction - A law of physics that states that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current. 78. Ohm's Law - A law of physics that states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it. 79. Radioactivity - The process of an atom emitting radiation due to an unstable nucleus. 80. Nuclear Decay - The process by which an atomic nucleus spontaneously breaks down. 81. Nuclear Fusion - The process of two or more nuclei combining to form a heavier nucleus. 82. Nuclear Fission - The process of a nucleus splitting into two or more smaller nuclei. 83. Beta Decay - The process by which a nucleus emits an electron or positron. 84. Alpha Decay - The process by which a nucleus emits an alpha particle. 85. Gamma Radiation - Electromagnetic radiation emitted during nuclear decay.

86. Photon - A particle of light, carrying energy and momentum. 87. Particle Accelerator - A device used to accelerate particles to near the speed of light. 88. Neutron - An uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom. 89. Proton - A positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom. 90. Electron - A negatively charged particle found in the cloud around the nucleus of an atom. 91. Electron Spin - The intrinsic angular momentum of an electron. 92. Radioactive Decay Series - A series of nuclear transformations that occur in a radioactive element. 93. Nuclear Force - The strong force that binds nucleons together in the nucleus of an atom. 94. Nuclear Binding Energy - The energy required to break apart a nucleus into its component protons and neutrons. 95. Electron Cloud - The region around the nucleus of an atom where the probability of finding an electron is highest. 96. Pair Production - The process in which a particle and its antiparticle are created from a photon.

97. Compton Scattering - The process by which a photon is scattered by the electric field of an electron. 98. Wave-Particle Duality - The concept that all matter exhibits both wavelike and particlelike properties. 99. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle - A principle of quantum mechanics stating that the position and momentum of a particle cannot both be precisely measured at the same time. 100. Quantum Superposition - The phenomenon of a particle existing in multiple states at the same time. 101. Quantum Entanglement - The phenomenon of two particles being connected in such a way that the measurement of one affects the other. 102. Quantum Tunneling - The phenomenon of a particle passing through a potential barrier. 103.Quantum Computing - A form of computing that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to perform calculations. 104. Electromagnetic Radiation - Energy that is propagated in the form of waves, including visible light, X-rays and radio waves. 105. Planck's Constant - A fundamental constant of quantum mechanics equal to the ratio of a particle's energy to its frequency.